William James Cross (21 November 1917 – 29 June 2015) was a British soldier who fought in World War II. He participated in battles in Palestine, Salerno, and at Normandy shortly after D-Day. In 2015, he was awarded the Légion d'honneur.

What did William Cross do?

Cross Jr. (born 1940) is a theorist and researcher in the field of ethnic identity development, specifically Black identity development. He is best known for his nigrescence model, first detailed in a 1971 publication, and his book, Shades of Black, published in 1991.

What is Nigrescence theory?

It describes a process of becoming black or developing a racial identity. Nigrescence extends through history by those victimized by racism and white supremacy. Psychological adaptations instigated identity formation for persons of African American descent.

What are the stages of Cross's Nigrescence model?

In 1991 Cross revised the original model and instead of focusing on representing identities in the stages they were more so to “describe the overarching theme of the stage.” The newly revised stages became: Pre-Encounter, Encounter, Immersion- Emersion, and Internalization (CRIS; Vandiver, Cross, Fhagen-Smith, et al., ...

Who is Jean Phinney?

Jean Phinney developed a model of Ethnic Identity based on Erikson's theory of development, following Marcia's ego-identity theory (please read Shaun Diehl's summary) and other models of ethnic identity, and applied it among high school and college students from a diverse ethnic background born in America (Bernal & ...

The single biggest reason why start-ups succeed | Bill Gross

35 related questions found

What is the cross racial identity scale?

The CERIS-A measures seven ethnic-racial identity attitudes-assimilation, miseducation, self-hatred, anti-dominant, ethnocentricity, multiculturalist inclusive, and ethnic-racial salience.

What are the stages of Nigrescence?

Parham & Helms (1981) Fifty-item questionnaire that assesses four stages of the original nigrescence model: Pre-Encounter (e.g., “I feel black people do not have as much to be proud of as white people do”); Encounter (e.g., “I am determined to find my black racial identity”); Immersion-Emersion (e.g., “I believe ...

What is pre-encounter?

- PRE-ENCOUNTER STAGE--Individuals are programmed to. perceive and think of the world as being non-minority or anti- minority and act in ways that devalue their minority development.

What is the meaning of Nigrescence?

1 : a process of becoming black or dark. 2 : blackness, darkness specifically : darkness of complexion.

What is multidimensional model of racial identity?

The Multidimensional Model of Racial Identity (MMRI) represents a synthesis of the strengths of these two approaches. The underlying assumptions associated with the model are explored. The model proposes 4 dimensions of African American racial identity: salience, centrality, regard, and ideology.

What is the identity development model?

Description. Grounded in the work of Piaget and Erickson, identity models generally look at the development and negotiation of personal identity as impacted by societal categorization (what group others put you in) and how that category is viewed by self and others.

What is the dissonance stage?

Dissonance: Experiences an opportunity to examine own prejudices and biases; moves toward the realization that dominant society oppresses racially and culturally diverse groups; may feel shame, anger, and depression about the perpetuation of racism by White American cultural groups; and may begin to question previously ...

What is the introspection stage?

Introspection stage of R/CID Model. Stage in which a person becomes less angry at, distrustful of, the dominant group, less immersed in his or her own group, more appreciating of other cultural groups, and more apt to educate him/herself about their own identity, though the process still creates inner conflict.

What is a majority identity?

Majority Identity Stage 1. Unexamined Identity: One is aware of some physical and cultural differences, but they don't fear the other or think too much of their identity.

What happens to a white person who is in Sue and Sue's dissonance stage quizlet?

What happens to a White person who is in Sue and Sue's (1990, as cited in Sue 8th edition) Dissonance Stage? ... Realizations occur that one is biased and that EuroAmerican society does play a part in oppressing people of color.

What has been found regarding racism and white identity quizlet?

What has been found regarding racism and White identity? Women are less likely than men to be racist. According to the Hardiman White Racial Identity Development Model, which stage is characterized by a conscious belief in the democratic ideal that everyone has an opportunity to succeed?

How do you determine your ethnicity?

Ethnicity is a broader term than race. The term is used to categorize groups of people according to their cultural expression and identification. Commonalities such as racial, national, tribal, religious, linguistic, or cultural origin may be used to describe someone's ethnicity.

Who rejected the idea of introspection?

Introspection has been critiqued by many other psychologists, including Wilhelm Wundt, and Knight Dunlap who in his article "The Case Against Introspection", presents an argument against self-observation that is not primarily rooted in behaviorist epistemology.

What is self introspection?

A useful definition of introspection is self-contemplation; self-examination; the contemplation of one's own conduct, thoughts, desires, emotions. How often do we take the time to be introspective? For some of us, not very often. We only look in the mirror when we have no other choice.

Can introspection be bad?

In truth, introspection can cloud our self-perceptions and unleash a host of unintended consequences. Sometimes it may surface unproductive and upsetting emotions that can swamp us and impede positive action. Introspection might also lull us into a false sense of certainty that we've identified the real issue.

What is a minority identity?

Minority group membership is typically based on differences in observable characteristics or practices, such as: ethnicity (ethnic minority), race (racial minority), religion (religious minority), sexual orientation (sexual minority), or disability.

What is the conformity stage?

Conformity is a type of social influence involving a change in belief or behavior in order to fit in with a group. This change is in response to real (involving the physical presence of others) or imagined (involving the pressure of social norms / expectations) group pressure.

What is the racial and cultural identity?

Cultural identity is a part of a person's identity, or their self-conception and self-perception, and is related to nationality, ethnicity, religion, social class, generation, locality or any kind of social group that has its own distinct culture.

What is Marcia's theory of identity?

Marcia's theory of identity achievement argues that two distinct parts form an adolescent's identity: crisis (i. e. a time when one's values and choices are being reevaluated) and commitment. ... The end outcome of a crisis leads to a commitment made to a certain role or value.

What are the 4 stages of identity development?

The four identity statuses he distinguished were: foreclosure, identity diffusion, moratorium, and identity achievement.